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Undergraduate student loan calculator

See the accompanying economic analysis, Major Decisions: Graduates’ Earnings Growth and Debt Repayment.Today, roughly 70 percent of American bachelor’s graduat…

Education

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Figure 3: Math proficiency rates of pandemic-impacted grade cohorts compared to counterfactuals

"Learning curves: Post-COVID learning trajectories differ by the grade a student was in when the pandemic hit"

Figure 2. Tariff revenue as a share of GDP for select countries, 2022

"Tariffs are a particularly bad way to raise revenue"

Figure 4. Unemployment by duration, poverty, and SNAP participation, 1994-2024

"SNAP cuts in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act will significantly impair recession response "

Figure 1 of "Tracking National Labor Relations Board actions through its administrative data"

"Tracking National Labor Relations Board actions through its administrative data"

Figure 1: Prime-age labor force participation rate, overall and by sex, Jan. 1960–May 2025

"Seven economic facts about prime-age labor force participation"

Figure 2 provides illustrative examples for how a person who meets a work requirement threshold on an annual basis could accrue penalties on a month-by-month basis, either by missing the hours threshold (middle panel) or by losing their job and experiencing a period of unemployment (right panel).

"Work requirements penalize workers in volatile occupations"

Figure showing Unemployment, SNAP participation, and per capita SNAP benefits, 1980–December 2024

"A primer on SNAP work requirements"

Figure 1: Total work permit applications received, FY 2003 to January 2025

"Work permit applications suggest prior immigration is still pushing up labor supply—for now"

"Low-income workers experience—by far—the most earnings and work hours instability"

Figure 3: Aggregate non-farm metrics, from "The softening labor market is still growing"

"The softening labor market is still growing"

Figure 4: Effect on GDP growth in 2025 under two immigration scenarios, in percentage points, from "Immigration and the macroeconomy in the second Trump administration"

"Immigration and the macroeconomy in the second Trump administration"

Figure 5: Paid vacation and paid holidays, OECD nations, in working days, from "A federal guarantee for earned paid time off"

"A federal guarantee for earned paid time off"

Figure 1: Total tax returns filed by each entity type, from "Modernizing partnership taxation"

"Modernizing partnership taxation"

Figure 4: Change in US-born and foreign-born employment from the prior year, from "The strong labor market has boosted US-born employment"

"The strong labor market has boosted US-born employment"

Figure 1: Economy-wide carbon dioxide emissions, by climate policy scenario, from "Climate tax policy reform options in 2025"

"Climate tax policy reform options in 2025"

Figure 5: Cumulative increase in civilian noninstitutionalized population 16+ since 2010 under alternative measures of population growth, from "New immigration estimates help make sense of the pace of employment"

"New immigration estimates help make sense of the pace of employment"

Figure 6: Share of ABAWDs living below 200 percent of the federal poverty level, by employment and self-reported disability status, 2021, from "The safety net should work for working-age adults"

"The safety net should work for working-age adults"

Figure 6: Project flow through interconnection queue, 2021 to 2023, from "Eight facts about permitting and the clean energy transition"

"Eight facts about permitting and the clean energy transition"

Figure 11: US venture capital investment in education technology over time, from "Twelve facts about the economics of education"

"Twelve facts about the economics of education"

Figure 4: Contribution of changing within-group participation rates to net change in labor force participation, from "Prime-age women are still driving the labor market recovery"

"Prime-age women are still driving the labor market recovery"

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